What Is Specialty Coffee? Your Guide.

The term "specialty coffee" has gained significant attention in recent years and coffee enthusiasts are increasingly seeking out higher-quality coffees. Connected to this, the specialty coffee industry is witnessing strong growth, as more people discover a whole new standard of coffee that is not available from mainstream outlets.

But what exactly sets specialty and award-winning coffees apart from their peers? We'll delve into the nuances of specialty coffee, exploring its origins, characteristics, and what makes it a preferred choice for many coffee fans.

The Birth of Specialty Coffee

Specialty coffee is not just a marketing term; it's a movement that grew in the late 20th century (although its origins lie somewhat earlier). The pioneers of this movement aimed to highlight the unique flavors and qualities inherent in coffee beans, as opposed to the mass-produced, standardized beans dominating the mainstream market.

Specialty coffee is closely associated with the "Third Wave Coffee" movement, a cultural shift that places a strong emphasis on the entire coffee experience. From the moment the beans are harvested to intricate processing, roasting, and brewing methods, This movement seeks to elevate the appreciation of coffee as a craft. 

Defining Specialty Coffee. Quality Over Quantity

At its core, specialty coffee is defined by its exceptional quality. The Specialty Coffee Association (SCA) sets specific criteria for coffee to be classified as "specialty." These criteria encompass factors such as bean quality, proper processing methods, and a meticulous grading system. Beans that score 80 points or above on the SCA scale are considered specialty-grade, ensuring a superior cup of coffee for consumers.

The Coffee Bean Journey. From Farm to Cup

Specialty coffee places a strong emphasis on the entire journey of the coffee bean – from cultivation to the final brew. Small-scale, sustainable farming practices, and direct trade relationships between farmers and roasters are common in the specialty coffee industry. This commitment to ethical and sustainable sourcing not only benefits the environment but also ensures fair compensation for coffee producers.

Flavor Profiles and Diversity. A Symphony of Tastes

One of the greatest aspects of specialty coffee is the vast array of flavor profiles it offers, which can vary greatly depending on factors such as the bean variety, growing region, processing method, and roasting technique. Here are some of the common flavor profiles found in specialty coffee:

• Fruity: This flavor profile includes notes of berries, citrus fruits, stone fruits (like peach or apricot), tropical fruits (like pineapple or mango), and sometimes even floral undertones.
• Nutty: Nutty flavors can range from almond and hazelnut to walnut and pecan. These flavors often arise from the bean's inherent characteristics and can be accentuated through the roasting process.
• Chocolatey: Notes of chocolate, cocoa, or even caramel are often present in specialty coffees. These flavors can be influenced by the bean variety, roasting method, and even the brewing process.
• Floral: Some coffees exhibit floral aromas and flavors, reminiscent of jasmine, lavender, or even rose petals. These delicate notes are often associated with coffees from certain regions and processing methods.
• Spicy: Spices such as cinnamon, clove, nutmeg, and even black pepper can be found in specialty coffees. These flavors can add complexity and depth to the coffee's profile.
• Earthy: Earthy flavors can include notes of soil, wood, or mushrooms. While these flavors might not be as immediately appealing to everyone, they can contribute to the overall complexity of the coffee.
• Herbal: Herbal notes, such as basil, thyme, or mint, can be present in certain specialty coffees, particularly those grown at higher altitudes or processed using natural methods.
• Sweet: Specialty coffees often exhibit natural sweetness, akin to sugar or honey. This sweetness can vary in intensity and can be influenced by factors such as the bean's sugar content, roast level, and brewing technique.
• Acidic/Bright: Acidity in coffee is not necessarily a negative trait; instead, it refers to a lively, tangy quality that adds brightness and complexity to the flavor profile. Notes of citrus, apple, or even wine-like acidity can be found in specialty coffees.
• Mellow: Some coffees have a mellow, balanced profile, with subtle flavors that harmonize well together. These coffees often offer a smooth, well-rounded drinking experience.

It's important to note that individual preferences and sensory perceptions can vary widely, so what one person describes as "fruity" or "nutty" might differ from another person's interpretation. Additionally, skilled coffee roasters and baristas can often identify nuanced flavors and aromas in specialty coffees that might not be immediately apparent to everyone. In fact, the skilled identification of these tastes is a precise art, and generally accompanied by the use of a coffee tasting wheel (see below) to aid taste profiling. 

The Importance of Artful Roasting

Roasting is an art in the specialty coffee world. Roasters carefully select beans based on their unique qualities and roast them to perfection. The goal is to enhance the natural flavors without overpowering or masking the inherent characteristics of the beans. Light, medium, and dark roasts each bring out different nuances, allowing coffee enthusiasts to explore and savor a variety of tastes. Specialty coffees are often roasted more lightly than their mainstream counterparts in order to allow more nuanced flavors to shine through.

Environmental and Sustainability Practices

As we mentioned earlier, environmental and sustainability practices are much more prevalent in the specialty coffee world vs mainstream coffee. Here are just a few ways that specialty coffee professionals treat coffee production in partnership with the world around them. 

• Specialty coffee farmers are often committed to employing organic and sustainable farming methods. This includes minimizing the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. By doing so, they reduce the environmental impact associated with chemical runoff, soil degradation, and harm to local wildlife.
• Water usage in specialty coffee production is often more efficient and mindful. Some specialty coffee farms implement water-saving irrigation techniques and invest in water recycling systems, reducing the overall water footprint associated with coffee cultivation.
• Specialty coffee typically comes from smaller, local farms, leading to shorter supply chains. This reduces the carbon footprint associated with transportation and distribution. Additionally, some specialty coffee producers actively engage in carbon offset initiatives or employ eco-friendly processing methods to further minimize their environmental impact.
• Specialty coffee farms may adopt agroforestry practices, which involve integrating coffee cultivation with other crops. This not only diversifies the farmer's income but also contributes to soil health, reduces erosion, and enhances the overall resilience of the agricultural system.
• The specialty coffee industry often promotes direct trade relationships between coffee producers and roasters. This ensures that farmers receive fair compensation for their products. Economic stability for farmers leads to better land stewardship practices, as they have the resources to invest in sustainable and environmentally friendly farming methods.

Many studies have found that consumers are willing to pay more for coffee that is ethically and sustainably sourced, highlighting the increasing importance of eco-friendly practices in the specialty coffee industry.

Specialty Coffee: Final Thoughts

Specialty coffee is not just a beverage; it's a journey that begins at the coffee farm and ends in your cup. Defined by quality, ethical sourcing, and a rich tapestry of flavors, specialty coffee has captured the hearts of many coffee lovers worldwide. As the demand for exceptional coffee continues to rise, the specialty coffee movement shows no signs of slowing down, inviting enthusiasts to explore and savor the extraordinary world of coffee. So, the next time you take a sip of specialty coffee, remember that you're not just drinking a beverage – you're experiencing a masterpiece crafted with passion and dedication.